MILE TEA: Cyber Espionage Campaign Targets Asia Pacific Businesses and Government Agencies

This post is also available in: 日本語 (Japanese)

In June 2016, Unit 42 published the blog post “Tracking Elirks Variants in Japan: Similarities to Previous Attacks”, in which we described the resemblance of attacks using the Elirks malware family in Japan and Taiwan.

Since then, we continued tracking this threat using Palo Alto Networks AutoFocus and discovered more details of the attacks, including target information. We’ve seen examples of this attack campaign, which we’ve named “MILE TEA” (MIcrass Logedrut Elirks TEA), appearing as early as 2011, and that it has since expanded the scope of targets. It involves multiple malware families and often tricks targets by sending purported flight e-tickets in email attachments. The identified targets include three separate Japanese trading companies, a Japanese petroleum company, a mobile phone organization based in Japan, the Beijing office of a public organization of Japan, and a government agency in Taiwan.

Attack Overview

Figure 1 shows the number of attacks considered as a part of the MILE TEA campaign since 2011. As we can see, the volume of the threats is small in total.

Figure 1 Number of threats used in the attack campaign

In the first three years, most of the reported attacks were from Taiwan. saw infections in a few other countries in Asia, but the number was miniscule. In mid-2013, the target base shifted to Japan. Since 2015, most of the reported attacks are from Japan.

Figure 2 Reports by countries

The primary infection vector is a spear phishing email with a malicious attachment. Although we collected several document based exploit files (RTF, XLS, and PDF) in this attack campaign, most of the attachments were executable files that, interestingly, suggest a custom malware installer. Attackers often use self-extracting executable files or existing installer packages to reduce development costs if they require dropping multiple files. However, in this campaign, the attacker group created its own installer program with the following features:

• Windows executable with folder icon
• Creates directory with pre-determined name in the same path as the installer
• Copies decoy files into the created directory
• Installs a batch file and malware on Temp Dir
• Executes a batch script to delete the installer

Figure 3 shows examples of the custom installer and its different folder icons.

Figure 3 Custom installers with the folder icon

The use of e-flight tickets as phishing lures has been seen repeatedly for a number of years. The following is the list of malicious attachment samples that use this technique. It is the most prevalent lure used by this threat actor to entice targets for this campaign.

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Target	Year	SHA256
Japan	2016	71d5bc9404aa2aa40d79cb16837246a31fa3f12b195330a091e3867aa85f1bc6
Taiwan	2015	7b1509051ccacc4676bf491f63c8a8c7c3b42ffd6cbf3d8bb1dd0269424df985
Japan	2014	8c338446764db7478384700df811937dabc3c6747f54fd6325629e22e02de2cc
Taiwan	2014	b393b9774c32de68b35bffd43ace22f9e9d695545de02d8b1d29c8ae38db3488
Taiwan	2014	4607aa975fd9b5aaebe684b26fa31d8ef0840682b148dbcf7f57e9c35d107eb6
Taiwan	2013	f23ab2ee9726c4061b2e0e7f6b9491e384de8103e410871c34b603326b7672da
Taiwan	2013	5de5346613be67e3e3bdf82c215312e30bf5ab07aafd0da0e6967897752e0c1d
Taiwan	2013	1ed808c7909bde7164d81a8c752a62ced116e03cfb6c7502019d84340f04b76a
Taiwan	2012	b6034a3fc6e01729166a4870593e66d9daf0cdff8726c42231662c06358632a7
Taiwan	2012	f18ddcacfe4a98fb3dd9eaffd0feee5385ffc7f81deac100fdbbabf64233dc68

---

Table 1 Samples of malicious attachments masquerading as E-Ticket

Malware

In this MILE TEA campaign, the actor uses the following three malware families as the initial infection by the custom installer. The primary purpose of these families is to establish a bridgehead, collecting system information and downloading additional malware from a remote server.

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Malware	Executable Type	Cipher	C2 address from Blog
Elirks	PE, PE64, DLL	TEA, AES	Yes
Micrass	PE	TEA	No
Logedrut	PE, MSIL	DES	Yes

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Table 2 Malware characteristics

While many security vendors classify these samples as different malware families, they share functionality, code, and infrastructure, leading us to conclude that they in fact belong to the previously mentioned malware families.

Functionality – Blog Access

As described in the previous blog post, one of the unique features of Elirks is that it retrieves a command and control (C2) address from a public-facing blog service. When configured, the malware accesses a predetermined blog page, discovers a specific string, and proceeds to decode it with Base64 and decrypts it using the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) cipher. The same functionality is found in Logedrut, however, instead of using the TEA cipher, it uses DES.

A sample of Logedrut (afe57a51c5b0e37df32282c41da1fdfa416bbd9f32fa94b8229d6f2cc2216486) accesses a free blog service hosted in Japan and reads the following article posted by the threat actor.

Figure 4 Encoded C2 address posted by attacker

The routine called GetAddressByBlog() in Logedrut looks for text between two pre-defined strings. In this particular case, the malware sample will look for test between "doctor fish" and "sech yamatala". The threat determines encoded text is “pKuBzxxnCEeN2CWLAu8tj3r9WJKqblE+” and proceeds to handle it using the following function.

Figure 5 Code finding encoded C2 address from blog

This code deciphers the string with BASE64 and DES. So far all Logedrut samples use exactly the same key, 1q2w3e4r, for decryption. The following Python code can be used to decode the C2 address.

Code - TEA with XOR

Elirks and Micrass employ exactly the same TEA cipher. TEA is a block cipher that operates against 64-bit (8 bytes) of data at a time to encrypt and decrypt. The author of the code added and extra cipher operation by XORing data when a block size is less than 64 bits. For example, if the encrypted data length is 248 bits (31 bytes), the code in both malware samples decrypts the first three blocks (64 x 3 = 192 bits) with TEA. The final block is only 56 bits (248 - 192 = 56), so the code uses a simple XOR operation against the remaining data. This supplement to TEA has not been widely used, and all Elirks and Micrass samples have the same static key (2D 4E 51 67 D5 52 3B 75) for the XOR operation. Due to these similarities, we can conclude that the author of both families may be the same, or has access to the same source code.

Figure 6 TEA with XOR Cipher in Elirks and Micrass

Infrastructure - C2 Servers

Based on our analysis, we see that only a handful samples share the same infrastructure directly. The threat actors carefully minimize reusing C2 domains and IP addresses among their malware samples, and yet they prefer using servers located in Hong Kong no matter where the target resides.

Figure 7 Location of C2 servers

Target Analysis

Identifying targets from spear-phishing emails

We found a spear phishing email sent to a government agency in Taiwan on March 2015. The email sender masquerades as an airline company, and the RAR archive attachment contains the custom installer named Ticket.exe that drops Ticket.doc and Micrass malware.

Figure 8 Spear-phishing email sent to an agency in Taiwan

During the analysis of the email, we came across an article in a Taiwan newspaper from February 2014 that alerted the public about a similar email message being widely distributed that contained a malicious attachment. The only difference between the email messages in Figure 8 and in the news article was the date. The adversary reused the email message more than a year ago.

Identifying targets from decoy files

The most interesting part of this attack campaign is that the threat actor has been using stolen documents from previously compromised organizations to perform additional attacks since early 2015. These documents are not publicly available nor do they look to be created from scratch by the attacker. Because they contain sensitive data tying to the specific business, it is unlikely that a third party would be able to craft them.

The following figure shows the decoy file installed by a sample identified in early April 2015. The file is a weekly report created at the end of March 2015 by a salesperson at a Japanese trading company. The report includes various sensitive information specific to their business.

Figure 9 Weekly report from a Japanese trading company

The properties identified within the document indicate that the company name matches the context, and the person who last modified it is the same individual seen in the document itself. Because of this, the file appears legitimate and it’s very unlikely that this document would ever be made publicly available. The threat actor almost certainly stole this document soon after it was created, and reused it as the decoy for next target within a week of the theft.

Figure 10 Property of the decoy document

Another installer found in Japan in May 2015 also contained sensitive information. The decoy looks to be a draft version of a legitimate contract addendum between the subsidiary of a Japanese petroleum company based in Australia, and a China-based company. The document provides details of the deal, including price. It contains a bunch of tracked changes by what appears to be two Japanese speaking individuals. We have confirmed that one of the individuals was a manager of an overseas project of the parent company in Japan by the official release of personnel change in 2013. The file is also considered to be stolen from a target organization and used for decoy for the next attack.

Figure 11 Contract addendum decoy file

In addition to those examples, we found the following decoy files that are likely stolen from previously compromised organizations.

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Organization	Type of document
Beijing Office of a public organization of Japan	Budget Report
Another Trading Company in Japan	Internal investigation document
Mobile phone organization in Japan	Inventory of new smartphones

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Table 3 Potential source of another decoy file

We cannot confirm whether those files were stolen as part of the MILE TEA campaign or not. Either way, it’s difficult to imagine that the threat actor sent those internal documents to entirely different organization or industries. One plausible explanation would be that the threat actors target different persons or departments within same organization or industry.

Identifying target from Malware

So far, we have described two trading companies in Japan that are possibly targeted. In addition to these two companies, there is another company in Japan that could be involved in the attack campaign as well. A sample of Logedrut was identified and is capable of communicating with C2 through an internal proxy server in the compromised organization. The sample contains an internal proxy address for a trading company in Japan as seen in String7 in the image below. Thus, the sample is specially crafted for this specific enterprise.

Figure 12 Internal proxy address in Logedrut

Conclusion

MILE TEA is five-year-long targeted attack campaign focused on businesses and government agencies in Asia Pacific and Japan. The threat actor behind this maintains and uses multiple malware families, including a custom installer. The actor is interested in organizations that conduct business in multiple countries. The trading companies cover an immensely broad area, from commodity products to aviation around the world. Another possible target is a Japanese petroleum company that has multiple offices and subsidiary companies in overseas countries. A public organization in Japan and a government agency in Taiwan were also targeted.

Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from this threat in the following ways:

1. WildFire accurately identifies all malware samples related to this operation as malicious.
2. Domains used by this operation have been flagged as malicious in Threat Prevention.
3. AutoFocus users can view malware related to this attack using the “Micrass”, "Elirks", and "Logedrut" tags.

Indicators of Compromise

Note: We omitted some hashes containing potentially stolen documents from the compromised organization.

Windows Executable Custom Installer
064474ac22dd28bf2211ca6602946409925b11f1cfa5e593487bf65e033f1057
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1ed808c7909bde7164d81a8c752a62ced116e03cfb6c7502019d84340f04b76a
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5de5346613be67e3e3bdf82c215312e30bf5ab07aafd0da0e6967897752e0c1d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RTF File

b8795e8dcbe4198160bab1c75505652a15569d6dd6e74b1eae2321edaa00f5b6

XLS File

b393b9774c32de68b35bffd43ace22f9e9d695545de02d8b1d29c8ae38db3488
b5b2974251e6bb963c0a37f12a167efd5ba702c142cd9f5571090f8838be4335

PDF File

200a4708afe812989451f5947aed2f30b8e9b8e609a91533984ffa55d02e60a2
5806703c28991675aee2e1204f748ce7e2814ea8f2a7ef925693fb52b0ef4d9c
755138308bbaa9fcb9c60f0b089032ed4fa1cece830a954ad574bd0c2fe1f104
bfe0e6ce5d33c498b9d048c33d5943ed4619383eea00ca6b3c613407b7b5ae96
ee6564baf5c5c61f95b8840c1d8a47e84c0704de8062e51c5fa3cf550612a879

Elirks

027ff8faf7952d791e39c9dda392dfce1094a4ceece46dbd2f53cf2ad5f8bc21
0cae035a40fcfc760a2f47b98ab27feaba9cee95d59467ab09b32063ac17df5b
0cffc3fb0b4ebf2a4b8cad4fb2a477737e4f8ca0b45494e541b2f92ee9719fa8
0e317e0fee4eb6c6e81b2a41029a9573d34cebeabab6d661709115c64526bf95
0f1f6838c591a0456881fbcd65d511932d2fa6c16fcb27eb4a793240ef0c25de
1194650bdfeb03940e07718726cfeb49645b089899e216a79cbafe7fae01678a
138993de871eefc72967b61b7c030649e1881be8adacbee933636fb4fc2ae444
1434fa8719602b252bb12e1e0023e86becada3b86ed07e1f7836fdf057dcebf5
1fb47c308bfed89069a4dca561cf818910c25bf2e6bf2679992f01e2da393506
24ae29defeb167cba2dc8b647514e9c44c027c6f2ad6c789ec836358c1007f74
262d7106f1a227f278bcb344bc20186ff4231e1513aa61bd25c1da833cc142c5
27a836f9db61b63a7d90b9c13ec5e7dfdada65eae2860e748ba5dd4ca6918b9b
2dd6ff42d53b01c6f1c4ee3336c3ada53739de587adc78fb011237f926326f61
38ae57f7e565dc51544c7b7c9b890eddeb3da7632a623e16cba5bdfd6141e241
3acc6fec0e7275b3774af1274872d42c0afc330cf48d543ff8fdf4bb4b37ed73
40cc76ef34c03a04ad393b68c2110b0e58ec0a7b9da16fd5005993bd8700b951
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5d4b91593d1cc110c966a3b3bcca6c02492e6df5dff83cd0653f9ffca9d5256e
5e4377e4d0998c09db357d8cd393c949af66a3cd7592a427752dc876430dbef2
633e849407f22fae3e5c6d2bf1921f1b11074229c797ea1e57a85cbc05880c84
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688e33d45ae76dbbbd0f7462f4736453c36abfbf3d6fd1cca02a8e7ef0ea610a
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7bf2ce5acd108ac5f326ba303dac3096ced8afd3e7c88dc14e58765161fd2c00
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8bc8dd186369542d4e97c9967cea667de226b4738c3d6a2249e19a6fbff2109f
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cd4789bf41c8498ff83b13a53d83cb503e27b3283b2c2585d793a5ea6771d8aa
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e4ab42e5900ed193f305d6e3a28ac8743b64d1ac5dc2e0e1ef1a927322933c81
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f6cb59b697cd27359f12228cf11ae5aa21b17e1845ae8007c668319672cdfb33
fdcaac1a818a088e41bcf764493e203089e21bd35521da1c3c999e90eccb99a8

Logedrut

2d9c0f32401404ab515690e052d378b0acdd22e30ce8a6a2ce6e5088b2c62795
4591134a77b3532c85576e7b1942476eb73775d118e49ad215dbbe1c42761760
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e8186a03a53cba3cfe6b0ea3bcbc7893eb1da84e612060ecfffb8110fa0199a2

Micrass

4bcc727506706634b56cad358828037189898097c363e2ea2147ec253b81a009
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6b2fea7284bcc4f505b124d216bb33f723a1c93f3a3d5d9a10307d4069950cfb
70c37934e89eb796724a36f32ff654b01341531c980cee09d26c16a1320fcdf7
7b3980734ccef487a7ee1f89fcc19a397782e5f38ecd0549c871e8acd918f092
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e78f1d60aea0652d65275c40e88be9409eb9117dc5c1f8aac122eed338054f16

Command and Control Servers

124rsdtw4r23rsae.4pu[.]com
account.yahoo-account-tw[.]com
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lovetrick2014.redirectme[.]net
mail-asp.domain-googletw[.]com
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sce.hopto[.]org
server.henet-web[.]net
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103.39.109[.]66
103.39.109[.]68
103.59.45[.]54
113.10.246[.]154
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113.10.246[.]176
128.199.34[.]140
142.91.119[.]136
173.254.227[.]138
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202.82.225[.]161
203.124.14[.]131
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210.209.86[.]175
210.209.86[.]176
210.209.86[.]185
23.253.46[.]64
54.178.93[.]212
59.106.98[.]139
59.188.239[.]110
59.188.87[.]17
59.188.87[.]34
74.126.176[.]218
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95.211.14[.]53
96.46.0[.]178
96.46.0[.]180
96.46.10[.]179
96.46.10[.]181
96.46.10[.]235
96.46.10[.]237